Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Pakistan’s Public Universities: A Systematic Review of Technology Integration and Training

Abstract

In today's Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as digitalization, higher education institutions must identify evolving industry needs to equip students w ith skills required to work alongside smart technologies. Digitalization involves converting analog systems to digital formats and leveraging digital tools and information technology (IT) for academic and administrative functions. This transformation drives innovation and compels institutions to revise their curricula accordingly. While developed nations are rapidly adopting hybrid learning models, developing countries like Pakistan face significant barriers in adapting to these shifts. This study conducts a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines, analyzing literature published between 2020 and 2025 from databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being integrated into digital transformation and technology training in public universities of Pakistan. It identifies major challenges—such as weak infrastructure, policy gaps, and insufficient faculty training—and highlights the importance of aligning digital strategies with institutional goals. The findings offer actionable recommendations for policymakers and educational leaders to support sustainable digital transformation in Pakistan’s higher education sector. The study addresses the gap focusing on the human aspects of digital change, contributing to theoretical knowledge and offering practical recommendation for the digital transformation.