Barriers to Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse: An Educational and Social Perspective Among Youth in Pakistan

Abstract

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a widespread but underreported issue in Pakistan, largely due to cultural taboos that prevent open discussion about child sexuality. This study investigates the root causes and contributing factors to the rising prevalence of CSA, emphasizing the social and institutional barriers that hinder disclosure and prevention. The objective is to understand why CSA persists in Pakistani society and to identify actionable solutions. A descriptive research design was used, involving structured interviews with 40 respondents selected through convenience sampling. The data revealed that CSA often goes unreported due to fear of shame, stigma, and a lack of trust in the legal system. Contributing factors include poverty, limited awareness, and weak communication within families. Additionally, the absence of effective reporting mechanisms and poor enforcement of existing laws exacerbate the issue. Findings highlight that cultural norms, silence around sexuality, and institutional neglect significantly impede efforts to address CSA. The role of educational institutions in delivering early-age awareness and the potential influence of Islamic teachings in shaping moral conduct are also discussed. The study recommends a multi-pronged approach involving stricter law enforcement, school-based education programs, and awareness campaigns led by NGOs. It also underscores the importance of using religious and cultural frameworks to encourage prevention and reporting, ultimately aiming to break the cycle of silence surrounding CSA in Pakistan.